Our Experience

MCC Economics delivers independent, evidence-based analysis across economics, finance, and regulation. With experience spanning energy, water, infrastructure, and public policy, the firm supports transparent and effective decision-making. Clients across the UK, Europe, and the Middle East benefit from rigorous analysis, financial modelling, and clear policy insight.

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Publications

MCC Economics publishes independent analysis and commentary on issues at the intersection of economics, finance, and regulation. Our publications draw on experience from projects across energy, water, infrastructure, and public policy - providing evidence-based insights that support transparent, accountable, and effective decision-making.

The UKIB: A New Force for Economic Growth?

Explore how the UK Infrastructure Bank is shaping the UK’s green and economic transformation. This article reviews UKIB’s mandate, funding capacity, early investments, and risks, and assesses its potential to drive long-term, sustainable infrastructure growth.

This article provides an overview and early assessment of the UK Infrastructure Bank (UKIB) following its establishment in 2021. It explores the Bank’s strategic objectives, funding capacity, sectoral priorities, and early deal activity across clean energy, digital infrastructure, transport, and water. The article also considers the pricing and risk characteristics of UKIB finance, its role in crowding-in private investment, and the challenges it faces in balancing public policy objectives with commercial discipline. Together, these insights offer a timely perspective on whether UKIB can fulfil its ambition to support net-zero delivery and drive long-term economic growth in the UK.

This article examines the UK Infrastructure Bank’s emerging role in supporting infrastructure investment and the transition to net zero. It reviews the Bank’s mandate, funding capacity, early deal activity, and sectoral focus, and considers the risks it faces as it seeks to mobilise private capital and contribute to long-term economic growth in the UK.

About

Abstract

Economic Analysis
2023

Explanation

The UK Infrastructure Bank (UKIB), is a relatively new addition to the ranks of eminent institutions established in the country to accelerate investment in the UK’s infrastructure. Set up in 2021, the Bank’s mandate is to support the transition to net-zero carbon emissions by 2050.

Since its inception, the Bank has funded 18+ deals across various infrastructure sectors such as clean energy, digital, transport, waste, and water. The bank has a focus on green infrastructure projects and is consistently attracting private-sector investment both at home and from overseas investors to the country’s infrastructure projects.

War-chest?

UKIB has an investment-war-chest of £22 billion, as follows: £7 billion of debt; £5 billion of equity; and £10 billion for guarantees. UKIB’s money is available to private sector corporations, investment funds and local authorities.

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Figure: UKIB's Financial Capacity

Cheap-money?

Not only has UKIB a huge investment war-chest at its disposal for corporate and project finance: the money is cheap. UKIB’s accounts for the year ending March 2022, suggests an average interest rate close to 1% for the fortunate counterparties - although that may be misleadingly low as the reported values will reflect partial-year-loans. However, we noted the following cheap-money-infrastructure-deal examples by UKIB:

UKIB’s priorities?

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Figure: UKIB's Priority sectors

Until recently, the Bank has made ~£2 billion in total commitments since inception and few large deals have already been closed:

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Figure: Split of UKIB's committed capital

The Bank has already announced a total of 7 commitments in the clean energy sector, potentially investing over £800m in the sector. Fibre broadband infrastructure in the UK is also expected to benefit immensely from a total commitment of £775m by the Bank, across 6 deals in the digital sector.

Is the Bank immune to risks?

UKIB faces several key investment risks such as regulatory risks, market risks, and credit risks. However, it is well-equipped to manage these risks and ensure compliance with international obligations on subsidy control and future domestic regimes.

The UK Infrastructure Bank presents an opportunity for the country to leverage its resources to mobilise investment. The Bank is already providing expertise and capacity to local governments and help them realize their infrastructure plans. The Bank is also expected to help build back better, fairer, and greener by supporting the transition to net-zero carbon emissions by 2050.

In conclusion, the UK Investment Bank is a new institution with the potential to play a major role in the UK economy. The bank has made some early progress in making funding deals, but it remains to be seen how successful it will be in achieving its mandate. The future of the bank will depend on a number of factors, but it has the potential to be a major force for economic growth in the UK.

A Report for the Climate Change Committee: Summarising the Call for Evidence Responses for Offsets

Explore MCC Economics’ evidence to the UK Climate Change Committee on strengthening the integrity and governance of carbon offsetting.

This report presents MCC Economics's evidence submission to the UK Climate Change Committee (CCC) on the role of carbon offsetting within national decarbonisation pathways. Drawing on our experience in regulatory economics and market design, the report evaluates the effectiveness, credibility, and governance of offsetting mechanisms in supporting net zero delivery. It considers both voluntary and compliance markets, highlighting the risks of overreliance on offsets and proposing frameworks to ensure integrity, transparency, and additionality in emission reduction claims.

The Climate Change Committee launched a call for evidence to assess the contribution of carbon offsetting to the UK’s net zero strategy. MCC Economics’ submission responds with a critical economic assessment of current offsetting practices, identifying where market and policy interventions can improve outcomes. The report outlines key challenges in monitoring, verification, and permanence of offsets; economic incentives that drive offset demand and supply; principles for integrating offsetting within credible transition plans; and recommendations for regulatory consistency, data disclosure, and international coordination. Our evidence supports a balanced approach that recognises offsetting’s potential while reinforcing the primacy of direct emission reductions.

About

Abstract

Financial Modelling
2022
PJ McCloskey
Government Administration

The approach for Abu Dhabi’s solar energy: Centralised or Decentralised

Explore our latest paper which examines Abu Dhabi’s solar approach—centralised utility-scale vs. distributed rooftop generation. Finds rooftop PV still uneconomical for heavily subsidised user groups but cost-effective for industry and commerce, suggesting subsidy reforms to unlock distributed solar for 2050 climate goals.

Abu Dhabi faces a strategic choice in scaling up solar energy: centralised mega-projects or decentralsed rooftop systems. This paper by our Director PJ McCloskey and analyst Rodrigo Remor analyses why distributed solar uptake remains low in Abu Dhabi and evaluates its economic viability under current conditions. Abu Dhabi has so far favored large solar parks (e.g. the 1.17 GW Noor Abu Dhabi plant) while rooftop solar adoption is minimal (~2.94 MW on government buildings by 2020, <1% of Noor’s capacity). Given the UAE’s net-zero commitment and Energy Strategy 2050 targets (44% renewable electricity by 2050), the study explores whether decentralised solar could play a larger role and what policy shifts might be required.

This paper evaluates the economic viability of decentralised solar systems in Abu Dhabi. By analysing levelised cost of electricity (LCOE), net present value (NPV), and internal rate of return (IRR) across customer groups, it finds that while rooftop solar generation is not yet cost-effective for heavily subsidised sectors, it remains viable for industrial and commercial users. The study suggests that subsidy reform could significantly improve the financial appeal of decentralised systems, aligning with Abu Dhabi’s decarbonisation targets under the UAE Energy Strategy 2050.

About

Abstract

Economic Analysis
2022
Rodrigo Malheiros Remor
Energy

The approach for Abu Dhabi’s solar energy:  Centralised or Decentralised

Explore our latest paper which examines Abu Dhabi’s solar approach - centralised utility-scale vs. distributed rooftop generation. Finds rooftop PV still uneconomical for heavily subsidised user groups but cost-effective for industry and commerce, suggesting subsidy reforms to unlock distributed solar for 2050 climate goals.

PR24 WACC Review from MCC for CCW

MCC Economics presents a comprehensive analysis of Ofwat’s PR24 final WACC determination, revealing how late-stage decisions may have shifted financial risk to customers.

MCC Economics, on behalf of the Consumer Council for Water (CCW), has reviewed Ofwat’s PR24 final WACC determination to assess whether it fairly balances customer and investor interests. The report questions Ofwat’s decision to include costs stemming from companies with high financial gearing, arguing this may shift undue risk to customers. By applying a market-based, notional-efficient approach, MCC finds the WACC could have been set 1.08% lower — potentially saving customers £5.4 billion, or £41 per household, over five years. The review also highlights how new risk-reduction mechanisms in PR24 could justify a lower return, offering critical insight for both policymakers and the Competition and Markets Authority.

MCC Economics was commissioned by the Consumer Council for Water (CCW) to review Ofwat’s PR24 final WACC determination. The report examines whether Ofwat’s approach appropriately balances customer interests against investor requirements. It identifies potential upward bias in key components — including the cost of equity and debt — largely influenced by financial behaviours of highly geared companies. MCC proposes a market-led recalibration of the WACC that aligns with the notional efficient company and regulatory best practice. This would reduce the WACC by 1.08%, potentially saving customers £5.4 billion over five years. The report also assesses risk protection measures introduced in PR24 and offers recommendations for future regulatory frameworks and CMA deliberations.

About

Abstract

Regulatory Economics
2023
Warwick Anderson
Utilities

Excellence in Consumer Engagement

This publication outlines 10 fundamental principles for effective engagement, exploring how businesses and regulators can foster trust, enhance decision-making, and create mutually beneficial outcomes.

Regulatory frameworks are evolving to place consumers at the heart of decision-making. "Excellence in Consumer Engagement: 10 Fundamentals" explores the shift from traditional regulatory processes—where decisions were imposed on consumers—to a model where consumers actively influence outcomes. The paper identifies 10 key principles that drive successful engagement, including the importance of social license, leadership commitment, and setting the right incentives. Through case studies and real-world examples, it highlights both the risks of poor engagement and the benefits of genuine collaboration. This guide serves as a resource for regulators, businesses, and policymakers looking to enhance consumer participation in regulatory decision-making.

The landscape of consumer engagement in regulation has undergone a significant transformation, moving from a model where consumers had little influence to one where they play a central role in shaping decisions. This paper presents 10 fundamental principles that underpin effective consumer engagement, including commitment from leadership, social license, and consumer empowerment. It examines both successful and failed approaches to engagement, drawing lessons from key case studies such as the Powerlink Queensland electricity transmission decision and Australia’s banking and energy sector reforms. The study also explores the regulatory incentives that encourage engagement, from reputational benefits to financial rewards. By implementing these principles, businesses and regulators can foster trust, improve regulatory outcomes, and create a more balanced and consumer-centric decision-making process.

About

Abstract

Regulatory Economics
2021
Warwick Anderson
Utilities

Case Studies

MCC Economics works with governments, regulators, and organisations across the UK, Europe, and the Middle East.Our case studies highlight how rigorous analysis, financial modelling, and policy insight have supported clients in making transparent, defensible, and effective decisions. Each project reflects our commitment to clarity, independence, and analytical precision.

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UK Export Finance Economic Research

Explore how MCC helped UK Export Finance enhance its product development process by comparing UKEF's methods with those of peer organisations ranging from export credit agencies to corporate banks and public financial institutions.

Economic Analysis
2020
PJ McCloskey
Financal Services

UK Export Finance (UKEF), the UK’s export credit agency, engaged MCC Economics to conduct an in-depth benchmarking study to assess and refine its approach to product development. By comparing UKEF's methods with those of peer organisations—ranging from export credit agencies to corporate banks and public financial institutions—we helped UKEF identify areas of strength and key opportunities for innovation and improvement.

UK Export Finance (UKEF) sought to benchmark its product development process against a diverse set of peers, including export credit agencies, commercial banks, and fintechs. UKEF wanted to identify both its strengths and areas for improvement, understand how other institutions generate and evaluate product ideas, and gather insights to support internal reviews, audits, and future planning.

MCC delivered a comprehensive and collaborative review of UKEF’s product development approach, incorporating both quantitative benchmarking and qualitative insights from a wide network of international financial institutions. Our contributions included:

Strategic Design and Stakeholder Engagement

Designed a robust benchmarking questionnaire in collaboration with UKEF’s board and senior stakeholders, covering areas such as:

  • Digital integration
  • Customer centricity
  • Governance and approval flows
  • Cost-benefit analysis
  • Innovation and agility in product development​

Comparative Analysis and Key Findings

Found UKEF’s governance to be in line with its peers, particularly in:

  • Risk management
  • Separate sign-off procedures
  • Following formal processes for approval and modification​

Identified areas with potential for improvement, including:

  • Customer engagement and feedback loops
  • Use of digital tools and automation
  • Application of structured product development frameworks like Agile or BAH models​​

Highlighted best practices from comparators, such as:

  • Annual customer ideation forums (BPIFrance)
  • Digitalisation of processes (SACE S.p.A.)
  • Agile sprints for product innovation (EDC and NatWest)​
  • Deliverables and Recommendations

Deliverables and Recommendations

Delivered a formal benchmarking report summarising findings and strategic recommendations for the UKEF Board, Internal Audit team, and Product Directors.

Recommended that UKEF:

  • Strengthen digital integration during early product design stages
  • Capture and apply structured customer feedback more effectively
  • Consider piloting and iterative design models where appropriate
  • Align internal review mechanisms with academic models such as Stage-Gate or BAH frameworks​

What the Client Needed?

DESNZ Offshore Wind Consultation Analysis

Explore our case study to see how MCC supported the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero (DESNZ) in analyzing stakeholder responses to the Offshore Wind National Policy Statement (NPS) consultations.

Consultation Analysis
2019
Sanah
Utilities

Explore our case study to see how MCC supported the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero (DESNZ) in analyzing stakeholder responses to the Offshore Wind National Policy Statement (NPS) consultations. Our in-depth thematic analysis, expert policy discussions, and comprehensive reporting informed the UK Government’s policy decisions, ensuring a balanced approach to energy security, climate commitments, and infrastructure development.

As part of the UK’s commitment to achieving Net Zero by 2050, DESNZ sought to update the Offshore Wind National Policy Statement (EN-3) to reflect evolving energy needs, environmental considerations, and regulatory challenges. To achieve this, DESNZ launched a public consultation and re-consultation process, receiving thousands of responses from key stakeholders, including energy industry representatives, environmental organisations and NGOs, planning and regulatory authorities, aviation, shipping, and seabed users, and local councils and community groups.

MCC played a pivotal role in reviewing, analyzing, and synthesizing the consultation responses, delivering:

1. Thematic and Quantitative Analysis of Stakeholder Responses

  • Processed and categorized thousands of responses, identifying recurring themes and stakeholder concerns.
  • Analyzed sentiment and trends, determining whether responses were urging action, supportive with reservations, or providing advice.
  • Extracted insights from key questions, including:
    • Environmental mitigation and compensation strategies.
    • Planning, consent, and licensing considerations.
    • Grid coordination and offshore wind network design.
    • Impacts on aviation, shipping, and other seabed users.

2. Expert Policy Engagement and Recommendations

  • Led expert discussions with DESNZ to interpret consultation findings and assess policy implications.
  • Mapped out stakeholder positions on controversial issues, such as:
    • The balance between offshore wind expansion and environmental protection.
    • The role of multi-purpose interconnectors (MPIs) and grid coordination.
    • The impact of aviation radar interference and maritime navigation.
  • Provided strategic policy recommendations, ensuring that DESNZ’s approach aligned with net-zero targets, energy security goals, and regulatory best practices.

3. Final Government Consultation Report

  • Authored a structured, data-driven report summarizing the consultation results.
  • Highlighted key takeaways, including stakeholder sentiment distribution and areas requiring further policy refinement.
  • Outlined government response options, helping DESNZ refine the Offshore Wind NPS (EN-3) for future implementation.

What the Client Needed?

DESNZ National Policy Statement Consultation Analysis

Explore our case study to see how MCC supported the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero (DESNZ) in analyzing thousands of stakeholder responses for the 2021 public consultation and the 2023 re-consultation on the Energy National Policy Statements.

Consultation Analysis
2018
Rodrigo Malheiros Rem
Aviation

Explore our case study to see how MCC supported the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero (DESNZ) in analysing thousands of stakeholder responses for the 2021 public consultation and the 2023 re-consultation on the Energy National Policy Statements. Our structured approach, data-driven insights, and expert recommendations helped shape the UK Government’s response, ensuring energy policies align with net-zero commitments and energy security objectives.

DESNZ sought expert analytical support to process, assess, and interpret responses from stakeholders regarding updates to the Energy National Policy Statements (NPSs). These NPSs guide the planning and regulation of nationally significant energy infrastructure projects, ensuring alignment with the UK’s Net Zero Strategy and British Energy Security Strategy (BESS).

MCC played a lead role in managing the consultation response process, delivering:

1. Project Management & Stakeholder Coordination

  • Developed and managed all project collateral, including project plans, timelines, methodology documentation, and budget schedules.
  • Led communication with DESNZ, providing weekly progress reports and acting as the central touchpoint for project updates.
  • Resourced and coordinated the MCC project team, ensuring efficient workflow and division of tasks.

2. Data Processing & Quality Assurance

  • Processed and reviewed thousands of responses submitted via Citizen Space and email.
  • Conducted extensive data cleansing, removing duplicates, correcting formatting errors, and ensuring all submissions were properly recorded.
  • Developed a master data table to consolidate stakeholder responses into a structured and searchable format.

3. Advanced Thematic & Quantitative Analysis

  • Performed thematic analysis to categorize responses into key policy areas, assessing levels of support and areas of concern.
  • Conducted quantitative analysis for closed questions, measuring statistical trends across respondent groups.
  • Utilized Python-based data extraction techniques to streamline the analysis process and extract insights from text, PDF, and Word submissions.

4. Expert Policy Evaluation & Government Engagement

  • Led discussions with DESNZ policy teams, providing in-depth insights on stakeholder positions and potential policy adjustments.
  • Mapped out key areas of regulatory alignment and divergence, highlighting stakeholder concerns on net-zero commitments, energy security, and infrastructure development.
  • Provided strategic recommendations on balancing economic, environmental, and energy priorities within the NPS updates.

5. Final Report & Government Response Preparation

  • Authored the final consultation report, presenting a structured, data-driven summary of public and industry feedback.
  • Developed government response templates, ensuring DESNZ could communicate policy decisions effectively.
  • Proofread and formatted final NPS documents.

What the Client Needed?

DESNZ Oil and Gas Consultation Analysis

Explore our case study to see how MCC supported the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero (DESNZ) in analyzing over 55,000 responses to the Climate Compatibility Checkpoint consultation for North Sea oil and gas licensing.

Consultation Analysis
2017
Sanah
Energy

Explore our case study to see how MCC supported the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero (DESNZ) in analyzing over 55,000 responses to the Climate Compatibility Checkpoint consultation for North Sea oil and gas licensing. Our comprehensive review and thematic analysis provided key insights to shape the government’s policy response, ensuring a data-driven approach to future licensing decisions.

The Department for Energy Security and Net Zero (DESNZ), formerly known as BEIS, required expert assistance in reviewing and analyzing public consultation responses for the Climate Compatibility Checkpoint for Future Oil and Gas Licensing. This checkpoint was introduced to evaluate whether future oil and gas licensing rounds align with the UK’s climate objectives, net-zero commitments, and energy security needs. The department needed a systematic approach to processing responses, quantitative and thematic analysis, a detailed view of cited documentation and a final consultation report.

MCC played a critical role in leading the consultation analysis, delivering:

1. Comprehensive Data Processing & Review

  • Processed 55,000+ responses, including standardized campaign submissions and unique stakeholder inputs.
  • Used data extraction techniques, including Python-based processing, to organize and categorize responses efficiently.
  • Reviewed evidence cited in responses, ensuring that all claims were cross-checked with reliable sources.

2. Thematic & Quantitative Analysis

  • Conducted thematic analysis to identify major areas of support and opposition across key questions.
  • Summarized closed-question responses, highlighting the percentage of respondents supporting different checkpoint tests.
  • Analyzed stakeholder perspectives on the Paris Agreement, energy security, investment risks, emissions benchmarks, and economic impact.

3. Policy Insights & Reporting

  • Authored the final government consultation report, providing structured summaries of stakeholder positions.
  • Outlined key areas where industry and public perspectives aligned or conflicted, allowing DESNZ to refine its policy approach.
  • Provided recommendations on policy trade-offs, balancing climate concerns, energy security, and economic considerations.

4. Addressing Key Consultation Themes

Through our analysis, we identified key recurring themes in responses, including:

  • Climate concerns: Many respondents cited the Paris Agreement, Climate Pact, and Net Zero commitments, arguing against further licensing.
  • Energy security arguments: Some respondents supported continued licensing, emphasizing domestic production over reliance on imports.
  • Checkpoint test criteria: Varied opinions emerged on how licensing decisions should be assessed, with debates on Scope 3 emissions, international benchmarking, and sector progress in energy transition technologies.

What the Client Needed?

NATS Financial Modelling and Analysis

Explore our case study to see how MCC helped NATS En Route and the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) refine their financial modelling processes.

Financial Modelling
2020
PJ McCloskey
Aviation

Explore our case study to see how MCC helped NATS En Route and the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) refine their financial modelling processes. From identifying critical calculation errors to improving methodologies and updating key inputs, our expertise ensured a more reliable framework for aviation price controls, addressing delays and strengthening financial decision-making.

In 2021, NATS En Route required an in-depth review of its financial model to assess the accuracy and reliability of recent modifications. The model had been updated to reflect the traffic-risk-sharing mechanism, which adjusts revenues based on fluctuations in air traffic and the significant decline in air traffic due to COVID-19, which had major financial implications for NATS. To ensure confidence in the financial projections, NATS needed a full validation of the financial model, ensuring that the traffic-risk-sharing mechanism and other adjustments were correctly implemented.

MCC played a pivotal role in helping NATS and the CAA strengthen their financial models, delivering:

  1. Comprehensive Model Review for NATS
    • Conducted an in-depth analysis of the traffic-risk-sharing mechanism and the model’s response to COVID-19-related traffic declines.
    • Identified 382 issues for NATS to investigate, highlighting areas where calculations and methodologies needed improvement.
    • Recommended new methods and updated data sources to ensure more accurate forecasting and decision-making.
  2. Board-Level Analysis and Recommendations
    • Reviewed key board presentations and conclusions to verify that they were supported by reliable model calculations.
    • Suggested methodology updates and refinements to improve the financial model’s credibility and accuracy.
  3. Support for CAA’s NR23 Price Control Model
    • Assisted the Civil Aviation Authority in designing, reviewing, and modifying a new model for NATS’ price control process.
    • Addressed financial model deficiencies that had delayed NR23 by six months, helping to bring the process back on track.
  4. Best Practice Implementation
    • Recommended model updates using industry best practices, ensuring future reliability and transparency.
    • Advised on the latest data sources and input methodologies to strengthen financial forecasting.

What the Client Needed?

Thistle Wind Partners UK

Explore our Thistle Wind Partners (TWP) case study to see how MCC developed a bespoke financial model to determine the Contracts for Difference (CfD) strike price.

Economic Analysis
2019
PJ McCloskey
Aviation

Explore our Thistle Wind Partners (TWP) case study to see how MCC developed a bespoke financial model to determine the Contracts for Difference (CfD) strike price. Our work supported TWP’s bid submission for the UK Government’s low-carbon electricity auction rounds, ensuring competitive pricing for the development of 2GW of offshore wind capacity.

Thistle Wind Partners (TWP) required expert financial modeling support to determine the CfD strike price for their bid submission in the UK Government’s low-carbon electricity generation auction rounds. With 2GW of offshore wind capacity under development, TWP required a precise and adaptable financial framework to navigate the competitive bidding landscape and secure government-backed CfD contracts.

MCC played a critical role in supporting TWP’s bid submission strategy by delivering:

  1. Development of a Custom CfD Bid Model
    • Built a financial model from scratch to determine the optimal CfD strike price.
    • Accounted for two separate offshore wind farms, each utilizing distinct technologies (floating and fixed-foundation).
    • Integrated project-specific costs, revenue forecasts, and operational assumptions to reflect real-world conditions.
  2. Comprehensive CfD Mechanism Analysis
    • Conducted a detailed review of the CfD framework to ensure full compliance with auction requirements.
    • Evaluated bid submission strategies based on government auction pricing trends and industry benchmarks.
  3. Scenario Analysis and Financial Forecasting
    • Sourced relevant operational and financing inputs to ensure accuracy in cost projections.
    • Designed a scenario analysis tool to test multiple assumptions, providing TWP with a flexible and data-driven decision-making framework.
    • Modeled the impact of financing structures, cost variations, and energy output fluctuations on the strike price.
  4. Bid Optimization Based on Target IRR
    • Calculated the CfD strike price based on the project’s target internal rate of return (IRR) to ensure financial viability.
    • Provided strategic recommendations to enhance bid competitiveness while balancing risk and return.

What the Client Needed?