MCC Economics delivers independent, evidence-based analysis across economics, finance, and regulation. With experience spanning energy, water, infrastructure, and public policy, the firm supports transparent and effective decision-making. Clients across the UK, Europe, and the Middle East benefit from rigorous analysis, financial modelling, and clear policy insight.
MCC Economics publishes independent analysis and commentary on issues at the intersection of economics, finance, and regulation. Our publications draw on experience from projects across energy, water, infrastructure, and public policy - providing evidence-based insights that support transparent, accountable, and effective decision-making.

Explore how the UK Infrastructure Bank is shaping the UK’s green and economic transformation. This article reviews UKIB’s mandate, funding capacity, early investments, and risks, and assesses its potential to drive long-term, sustainable infrastructure growth.
This article provides an overview and early assessment of the UK Infrastructure Bank (UKIB) following its establishment in 2021. It explores the Bank’s strategic objectives, funding capacity, sectoral priorities, and early deal activity across clean energy, digital infrastructure, transport, and water. The article also considers the pricing and risk characteristics of UKIB finance, its role in crowding-in private investment, and the challenges it faces in balancing public policy objectives with commercial discipline. Together, these insights offer a timely perspective on whether UKIB can fulfil its ambition to support net-zero delivery and drive long-term economic growth in the UK.
This article examines the UK Infrastructure Bank’s emerging role in supporting infrastructure investment and the transition to net zero. It reviews the Bank’s mandate, funding capacity, early deal activity, and sectoral focus, and considers the risks it faces as it seeks to mobilise private capital and contribute to long-term economic growth in the UK.
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Abstract
The UK Infrastructure Bank (UKIB), is a relatively new addition to the ranks of eminent institutions established in the country to accelerate investment in the UK’s infrastructure. Set up in 2021, the Bank’s mandate is to support the transition to net-zero carbon emissions by 2050.
Since its inception, the Bank has funded 18+ deals across various infrastructure sectors such as clean energy, digital, transport, waste, and water. The bank has a focus on green infrastructure projects and is consistently attracting private-sector investment both at home and from overseas investors to the country’s infrastructure projects.
UKIB has an investment-war-chest of £22 billion, as follows: £7 billion of debt; £5 billion of equity; and £10 billion for guarantees. UKIB’s money is available to private sector corporations, investment funds and local authorities.

Not only has UKIB a huge investment war-chest at its disposal for corporate and project finance: the money is cheap. UKIB’s accounts for the year ending March 2022, suggests an average interest rate close to 1% for the fortunate counterparties - although that may be misleadingly low as the reported values will reflect partial-year-loans. However, we noted the following cheap-money-infrastructure-deal examples by UKIB:

Until recently, the Bank has made ~£2 billion in total commitments since inception and few large deals have already been closed:

The Bank has already announced a total of 7 commitments in the clean energy sector, potentially investing over £800m in the sector. Fibre broadband infrastructure in the UK is also expected to benefit immensely from a total commitment of £775m by the Bank, across 6 deals in the digital sector.
UKIB faces several key investment risks such as regulatory risks, market risks, and credit risks. However, it is well-equipped to manage these risks and ensure compliance with international obligations on subsidy control and future domestic regimes.
The UK Infrastructure Bank presents an opportunity for the country to leverage its resources to mobilise investment. The Bank is already providing expertise and capacity to local governments and help them realize their infrastructure plans. The Bank is also expected to help build back better, fairer, and greener by supporting the transition to net-zero carbon emissions by 2050.
In conclusion, the UK Investment Bank is a new institution with the potential to play a major role in the UK economy. The bank has made some early progress in making funding deals, but it remains to be seen how successful it will be in achieving its mandate. The future of the bank will depend on a number of factors, but it has the potential to be a major force for economic growth in the UK.
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Explore our latest paper which examines Abu Dhabi’s solar approach—centralised utility-scale vs. distributed rooftop generation. Finds rooftop PV still uneconomical for heavily subsidised user groups but cost-effective for industry and commerce, suggesting subsidy reforms to unlock distributed solar for 2050 climate goals.
Abu Dhabi faces a strategic choice in scaling up solar energy: centralised mega-projects or decentralsed rooftop systems. This paper by our Director PJ McCloskey and analyst Rodrigo Remor analyses why distributed solar uptake remains low in Abu Dhabi and evaluates its economic viability under current conditions. Abu Dhabi has so far favored large solar parks (e.g. the 1.17 GW Noor Abu Dhabi plant) while rooftop solar adoption is minimal (~2.94 MW on government buildings by 2020, <1% of Noor’s capacity). Given the UAE’s net-zero commitment and Energy Strategy 2050 targets (44% renewable electricity by 2050), the study explores whether decentralised solar could play a larger role and what policy shifts might be required.
This paper evaluates the economic viability of decentralised solar systems in Abu Dhabi. By analysing levelised cost of electricity (LCOE), net present value (NPV), and internal rate of return (IRR) across customer groups, it finds that while rooftop solar generation is not yet cost-effective for heavily subsidised sectors, it remains viable for industrial and commercial users. The study suggests that subsidy reform could significantly improve the financial appeal of decentralised systems, aligning with Abu Dhabi’s decarbonisation targets under the UAE Energy Strategy 2050.
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Abstract
Explore our latest paper which examines Abu Dhabi’s solar approach - centralised utility-scale vs. distributed rooftop generation. Finds rooftop PV still uneconomical for heavily subsidised user groups but cost-effective for industry and commerce, suggesting subsidy reforms to unlock distributed solar for 2050 climate goals.
MCC Economics works with governments, regulators, and organisations across the UK, Europe, and the Middle East.Our case studies highlight how rigorous analysis, financial modelling, and policy insight have supported clients in making transparent, defensible, and effective decisions. Each project reflects our commitment to clarity, independence, and analytical precision.

Explore how MCC helped UK Export Finance enhance its product development process by comparing UKEF's methods with those of peer organisations ranging from export credit agencies to corporate banks and public financial institutions.
UK Export Finance (UKEF), the UK’s export credit agency, engaged MCC Economics to conduct an in-depth benchmarking study to assess and refine its approach to product development. By comparing UKEF's methods with those of peer organisations—ranging from export credit agencies to corporate banks and public financial institutions—we helped UKEF identify areas of strength and key opportunities for innovation and improvement.
UK Export Finance (UKEF) sought to benchmark its product development process against a diverse set of peers, including export credit agencies, commercial banks, and fintechs. UKEF wanted to identify both its strengths and areas for improvement, understand how other institutions generate and evaluate product ideas, and gather insights to support internal reviews, audits, and future planning.
MCC delivered a comprehensive and collaborative review of UKEF’s product development approach, incorporating both quantitative benchmarking and qualitative insights from a wide network of international financial institutions. Our contributions included:
Designed a robust benchmarking questionnaire in collaboration with UKEF’s board and senior stakeholders, covering areas such as:
Found UKEF’s governance to be in line with its peers, particularly in:
Identified areas with potential for improvement, including:
Highlighted best practices from comparators, such as:
Delivered a formal benchmarking report summarising findings and strategic recommendations for the UKEF Board, Internal Audit team, and Product Directors.
Recommended that UKEF:

Explore our case study to see how MCC supported the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero (DESNZ) in analyzing stakeholder responses to the Offshore Wind National Policy Statement (NPS) consultations.
Explore our case study to see how MCC supported the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero (DESNZ) in analyzing stakeholder responses to the Offshore Wind National Policy Statement (NPS) consultations. Our in-depth thematic analysis, expert policy discussions, and comprehensive reporting informed the UK Government’s policy decisions, ensuring a balanced approach to energy security, climate commitments, and infrastructure development.
As part of the UK’s commitment to achieving Net Zero by 2050, DESNZ sought to update the Offshore Wind National Policy Statement (EN-3) to reflect evolving energy needs, environmental considerations, and regulatory challenges. To achieve this, DESNZ launched a public consultation and re-consultation process, receiving thousands of responses from key stakeholders, including energy industry representatives, environmental organisations and NGOs, planning and regulatory authorities, aviation, shipping, and seabed users, and local councils and community groups.
MCC played a pivotal role in reviewing, analyzing, and synthesizing the consultation responses, delivering:

Explore our case study to see how MCC supported the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero (DESNZ) in analyzing thousands of stakeholder responses for the 2021 public consultation and the 2023 re-consultation on the Energy National Policy Statements.
Explore our case study to see how MCC supported the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero (DESNZ) in analysing thousands of stakeholder responses for the 2021 public consultation and the 2023 re-consultation on the Energy National Policy Statements. Our structured approach, data-driven insights, and expert recommendations helped shape the UK Government’s response, ensuring energy policies align with net-zero commitments and energy security objectives.
DESNZ sought expert analytical support to process, assess, and interpret responses from stakeholders regarding updates to the Energy National Policy Statements (NPSs). These NPSs guide the planning and regulation of nationally significant energy infrastructure projects, ensuring alignment with the UK’s Net Zero Strategy and British Energy Security Strategy (BESS).
MCC played a lead role in managing the consultation response process, delivering:

Explore our case study to see how MCC supported the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero (DESNZ) in analyzing over 55,000 responses to the Climate Compatibility Checkpoint consultation for North Sea oil and gas licensing.
Explore our case study to see how MCC supported the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero (DESNZ) in analyzing over 55,000 responses to the Climate Compatibility Checkpoint consultation for North Sea oil and gas licensing. Our comprehensive review and thematic analysis provided key insights to shape the government’s policy response, ensuring a data-driven approach to future licensing decisions.
The Department for Energy Security and Net Zero (DESNZ), formerly known as BEIS, required expert assistance in reviewing and analyzing public consultation responses for the Climate Compatibility Checkpoint for Future Oil and Gas Licensing. This checkpoint was introduced to evaluate whether future oil and gas licensing rounds align with the UK’s climate objectives, net-zero commitments, and energy security needs. The department needed a systematic approach to processing responses, quantitative and thematic analysis, a detailed view of cited documentation and a final consultation report.
MCC played a critical role in leading the consultation analysis, delivering:
Through our analysis, we identified key recurring themes in responses, including:

Explore our case study to see how MCC helped NATS En Route and the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) refine their financial modelling processes.
Explore our case study to see how MCC helped NATS En Route and the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) refine their financial modelling processes. From identifying critical calculation errors to improving methodologies and updating key inputs, our expertise ensured a more reliable framework for aviation price controls, addressing delays and strengthening financial decision-making.
In 2021, NATS En Route required an in-depth review of its financial model to assess the accuracy and reliability of recent modifications. The model had been updated to reflect the traffic-risk-sharing mechanism, which adjusts revenues based on fluctuations in air traffic and the significant decline in air traffic due to COVID-19, which had major financial implications for NATS. To ensure confidence in the financial projections, NATS needed a full validation of the financial model, ensuring that the traffic-risk-sharing mechanism and other adjustments were correctly implemented.
MCC played a pivotal role in helping NATS and the CAA strengthen their financial models, delivering:

Explore our Thistle Wind Partners (TWP) case study to see how MCC developed a bespoke financial model to determine the Contracts for Difference (CfD) strike price.
Explore our Thistle Wind Partners (TWP) case study to see how MCC developed a bespoke financial model to determine the Contracts for Difference (CfD) strike price. Our work supported TWP’s bid submission for the UK Government’s low-carbon electricity auction rounds, ensuring competitive pricing for the development of 2GW of offshore wind capacity.
Thistle Wind Partners (TWP) required expert financial modeling support to determine the CfD strike price for their bid submission in the UK Government’s low-carbon electricity generation auction rounds. With 2GW of offshore wind capacity under development, TWP required a precise and adaptable financial framework to navigate the competitive bidding landscape and secure government-backed CfD contracts.
MCC played a critical role in supporting TWP’s bid submission strategy by delivering: